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Nirvana
' (;〔("nirvana" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 (サンスクリット:निर्वाण) ''nirvāṇa '' (:nirʋaːɳə); (パーリ語:निब्बान) ''nibbāna ''; ''ṇivvāṇa '') literally means "blown out", as in a candle.〔Richard Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo.'' Routledge〕 It is most commonly associated with Buddhism.〔(Donald S. lopez Jr., ''Nirvana'', Encyclopedia Britannica )〕
In the Buddhist context, ''nirvana'' refers to the imperturbable stillness of mind after the fires of desire, aversion, and delusion have been finally extinguished.〔 In Hindu philosophy, it is the union with Brahman, the divine ground of existence, and the experience of blissful egolessness.
In Indian religions, the attainment of ''nirvana'' is ''moksha'', liberation from ''samsara'', the repeating cycle of birth, life and death.〔Gavin Flood, ''Nirvana''. In: John Bowker (ed.), '' Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''〕
== Etymology ==
The word ''nirvāṇa'' is from the verbal root √''vā'' 'blow' in the form of past participle ''vāna'' 'blown'; prefixed with the preverb nis which means 'out'. Hence the original meaning of the word is 'blown out, extinguished'. Sandhi changes the spelling: the v of vāna causes ''nis'' to become ''nir'', and then the ''r'' of ''nir'' causes retroflexion of the following ''n'': ''nis+vāna'' > ''nirvāṇa'' It is used in the sense of 'dead' in the Mahābhārata (i.e. life extinguished). (''Sanskrit English Dictionary'' sv nirvāṇa )
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